A collection of 60 lantern slides, which Wilfred Powell had made from photographs in Y309993A with the addition of 11 slides for which there are no photographic prints: Y30993A(LS)/1, 11, 21, 30, 32, 34, 37-38, 44, 46 and 55. The lantern slides have a separate numbering sequence, although each catalogue entry records the number of the corresponding photographic print.

The photographers:

Y30993A and Powell’s other photograph collection reflecting his time in Samoa, Y309B, feature the work of J. Davis of Apia. These items are identified by an embossed stamp reading 'J. Davis, Photo, Samoa' in the corner of the prints. Not all the work thus signed is by Davis himself however. The pictures signed by him in Y309B, using an older design of stamp, are probably his own work featuring, as one photograph does, a picture of his own premises with his name above the door. The dating of the album also corresponds with the time Davis is known to have been alive and working.
The complication in any definitive attribution arises with the arrival of A.J. Tattersall, who came to Samoa to work for Davis in 1886. Davis himself died in 1903 and Tattersall took over the firm. He did not immediately change the name, however, and photographs which are certainly by Tattersall still carry the stamp of J. Davis. Tattersall also sometimes signed his work 'AT', and by 1907, and probably earlier, his business premises displayed the notice 'A.J. Tattersall, Photographer, late J. Davis'.

A reasonable compromise in attribution would make Y309993A by A.J. Tattersall and Y309B by J. Davis, although there is likely to be some overlap in the work of the two men. Photographs definitely identified as being by Tattersall, either for chronological reasons or because of the existence of signed copies, include Y309993A/13, 21, 23, 29-33, 38-43 and 46-53.

Events in Samoa leading to the Civil War of 1899

The Civil War of 1899 was the outcome of the complicated and often chaotic framework of the Samoan political scene, and of the uneasy coexistence among the various foreign interests, each seeking to influence the precarious political situation in these nominally independent islands (in 1884, for instance, Stuebel, the German Consul, had managed to persuade Malietoa Laupepe to give German officials a place in the administration). Violence had been narrowly averted in 1889 (in some measure as a result of the great hurricane of that year which destroyed nearly all the German, British and American warships recently assembled in Apia) and a conference was convened in Berlin to decide the fate of Samoa.

The conference resolutions can be seen in hindsight to have some responsibility for the war ten years later. On a general level it was agreed to preserve Samoan autonomy under international supervision, which, if not actually a contradiction in terms, at least begged several questions. Malietoa Laupepe, who had first come to the throne in 1868, and who had been deposed and reinstated several times since, and who was possibly the least suitable candidate for the kingship, was given power, with Mata'afa as a backing authority. Mata'afa however revolted in 1891, and after being beaten by Malietoa Laupepe, was exiled. Following on this Tamasese seized the throne. In the next few years the situation became more and more fragile, with a struggle for the kingship and a simultaneous breakdown in strong and efficient administration by the treaty powers who were equally busy (especially the Germans) in jockeying for position among themselves. The one man, Mata'afa, who could probably have united the Samoans was in exile and eventually the Germans, with the acquiescence of the other powers, decided, with certain conditions, on his return.

Malietoa Laupepe had died in August 1898 and Tamasese not unnaturally hoped to be the German candidate for the throne (especially since Mata'afa had been specifically excluded from the kingship by Bismarck at Berlin in 1889 for his part in the attack on fifty German sailors the previous year). In the event, the Germans backed the 'fono' or assembly, which gave Mata'afa the crown. The British authorities, on the other hand, declared (in the person of Justice Chambers) that the election was invalid (ironically enough invoking Bismarck's exclusion of Mata'afa from the kingship as part of their argument) and decided for Malietoa Tanumafili, Laupepe's son. Mata'afa then formed a government which an Anglo-American force proceeded to destroy - by the bombardment of Apia and the coastal villages, and by sorties on land to round up Mata'afa's followers. They also sent warships to the neighbouring Samoan Islands to bring back warriors who supported Malietoa Tanumafili, arming, training and often leading them in battle. Eventually a commission was sent to resolve the situation, and fighting had stopped by May 13 1899. The partition which resulted was probably the most equitable solution both to the Samoans and to the treaty powers, since it acknowledged Germany's undoubted commercial pre-eminence in Samoa. While giving the islands a single and stable government, it gave America one of the finest harbours in the Pacific in Pago Pago, and it allowed Great Britain generous concessions in other areas (notably Tonga, parts of the German Solomon Islands, West Africa and Zanzibar).