Skip to main content Skip to search results

Showing Collections: 1 - 25 of 56

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
 Fonds

Accra Post Office. circa 1915

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448B
Scope and Contents

A collection of uncaptioned loose prints, measuring approximately 200 x 145 mm. The collection was exhibited in the Gold Coast section of the British Empire Exhibition 1924 and were deposited at the Royal Colonial Institute on the instruction of Major W.T.E. Wallace, Acting Postmaster General of the Gold Coast (see letter accompanying prints). Prints 11 and 12 show other Post Offices in the colony. Photographer unknown.

Dates: 1915
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Achimota College (A.W.E. Winlaw collection)

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448I
Scope and Contents Collection of loose prints with duplicates measuring, unless stated, approximately 210 x 160 mm. The collection contains a variety of photographs, some of them taken by the Information Services of the Gold Coast/Ghana, while others are amateur photographs. Nos 1-5, showing Fraser in the Principal's house are clearly pre-1935, when he left Achimota. The majority date from Mr Winlaw's Headship and include a number of views of buildings put up in that period, particularly the Assembly Hall...
Dates: 1924 - 1959
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Alan Rudwick collection

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448J
Scope and Contents Loose photographs taken by Alan Rudwick unless otherwise indicated. All photographs are 215 x 165 mm unless otherwise stated. They fall into two groups; photographs of trade castles (1-28) and other views, chiefly of Achimota. Along the West Africa coast are the remains of more than 40 castles and fortified posts set up by European nations engaged in commerce, including the Transatlantic slave trade, with West Africa, the greatest concentration being in what became the Gold Coast, now...
Dates: 1950 - 1969
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Cape Coast

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448Z
Scope and Contents

Little is known of the provenance of this collection of uncaptioned glass negatives. It features pupils gathered round a sign which reads 'Cape Coast Wesley Technical Institution.' It is likely, therefore, that the rest of the images relate to the school's students and activities.

Dates: 1900 - 1960
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Central Office of Information photograph collection

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/COI
Scope and Contents The collection comprises twenty-three boxes of photographs and thirty boxes plus one file of negatives. The majority of photographs are of Heads of Government, meetings and other conferences held in the U.K; conferences leading to constitutional progress and, in most cases, independence, of individual countries; visitors from overseas including those training in the U.K; and organisations, exhibitions etc., in the U.K. relating to the Commonwealth. Most were taken by COI...
Dates: 1948 - 1987
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Charles Thurstan Shaw: Correspondence and Papers

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0012/MS Add.9534
Scope and Contents

Includes correspondence, both personal and professional, biographical material, professional papers from Thurstan Shaw’s time in Africa, archaeological notebooks and lecture notes.

Dates: 1914 - 2014
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Christy collection of photographs on Africa

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y304A
Scope and Contents Contains loose photographs relating to various of Christy's travels; some photographs are his own and some are by professional photographers. Subjects include: scenes on the Nile including pyramids; railway views in Kenya; rubber trees and cultivation in Nigeria, Uganda and the Cameroons; scenes in the Congo including sufferers of sleeping sickness and ethnic groups of Central Africa of shorter than average height described as Pygmies; scenes in India; scenes from travels in Norway,...
Dates: 1880 - 1913
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

'Colonialism: before and after'

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 392
Scope and Contents This unpublished manuscript was probably written by Burns sometime after 6 January 1973 and was transcribed by his grandson Andrew FitzGerald between 2013 and 2016. The formatting and content of each page have been reproduced as faithfully as possible to the original manuscript, and every effort was made to retain its style of presentation. The illustrated cover, however, was not part of the original manuscript. The scope of Burn’s history is set out in the table of contents:I....
Dates: 1973 - 1980
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Commonwealth in Focus Slides

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3011GGG
Scope and Contents Collection of 35mm colour slides of countries of the Commonwealth. When the 'Commonwealth in Focus' exhibition was being prepared it was felt that the strong emphasis on the historical aspect, and the fact that the only section on the contemporary Commonwealth dealt with broad issues and organisations rather than individual countries, made some additional material on contemporary developments desirable. Accordingly it was decided to have a continuous slide projection of contemporary...
Dates: 1982
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Commonwealth Universities

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 401
Dates: 1949 - 1997
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Correspondence of William Wallace

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 148
Scope and Contents

Letters and related papers concerning William Wallace's life in Africa and his retirement.

Dates: 1916 - 1929
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Diaries of Sir William Himbury

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 404
Content Description

Manuscript diaries written by Sir William Himbury relating to his trips to West Africa in late 19th and early 20th century. Himbury travelled in his capacity as a superintendent of cables and telegrams initially, and later on behalf of the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA) to gther intelligence on cotton growing and trade. There is also an article on Empire cotton (1905), manuscript notes on the Egba peoples and a folder of biographical notes assembled by the donor.

Dates: 1871 - 1955
 Fonds

Dorothy Grace Wilkinson Collection

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 350
Scope and Contents

The collection includes a thesis submitted to the Teacher Training Department of Kumasi College of Technology, recollections of Wilkinson's resisidence in Sawston, Cambridgeshire, and an autobiographical audio recording.

Dates: 1957 - 1989
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Early views of the Gold Coast

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448U
Scope and Contents Little is known of the provenance of this album of photographs, but an inscription on the inside of the front cover, 'W. H. Himbury, Grosvenor Club, Piccadilly', suggests that its owner was Sir William Himbury (1871-1955). Himbury had a very successful career in the cotton industry and served as Chairman of the Council of the British Cotton Growing Association. In 1918, he was appointed to the Empire Cotton Growing Committee, and did much to promote cotton cultivation within the Empire and...
Dates: 1900
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Expedition to Kumasi

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 146
Scope and Contents

Duplicated copies of a complete set of military routine orders issued by Willcocks when commanding the Ashanti Field Force, 27 May 1900 - 1 January 1901.

Dates: 1900 - 1901
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Garden party at Old Government House, Cape Coast, March 10th 1916

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448C
Scope and Contents Loose print measuring 131 x 106 mm with a pencilled caption on the reverse. The print shows Sir Hugh Clifford (1866-1941), Governor of the Gold Coast 1912-19, seated with Lady Elizabeth Lydia Rosabelle Clifford (? - 1945) in the centre of a group of Gold Coast chiefs in the grounds of Cape Coast Castle, the old Government House of the Gold Coast. The pencilled caption on the reverse (?in Lady Clifford's hand) reads:'Old Government House, Cape Coast. Our garden party before a big...
Dates: 1916-03-10
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

George Cansdale's collection on the Gold Coast [i.e. Ghana] 1938-1948

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448K
Scope and Contents Collection of 197 negatives and 6 modern prints. The negatives measure 60 x 60 mm, save for 160-163 which are 35 mm. Apart from nos. 60-112 which are in a negative album, they are all in small envelopes with the subject written on by Mr Cansdale, some have also been numbered by Cansdale. The captions have been used as titles and may include language which is offensive, inaccurate or inappropriate. They have been retained to reflect the context of the collection's creation. Captions...
Dates: 1938 - 1948
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

George Cansdale's collection on the Gold Coast [i.e. Ghana] 1938-1948

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448V
Scope and Contents

Many images of woodland and logging scenes. The original numbering of the images has been followed.

Dates: 1938 - 1948
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

‘Gold Coast 1944-5’: Photograph album of Flt. Lt. Edmund Bell

 Fonds
Reference Code: RCS/Y30448X
Content Description Comprises a photograph album of approximately 140 black-and-white images on 30 pages, all dated and captioned by Edmund Bell. The album is housed in a bespoke solander box by Stephen Conway, inlaid with the crest of the Gold Coast Colony. The images relate to Bell's time as a Navigation Officer in Transport Command stationed at Accra (Headquarters No 114 Wing, Royal Air Force) in the Gold Coast [Ghana]. The images depict Bell's journeys from Accra from to Karachi, Cairo, Sudan, Trinidad and...
Dates: 1944 - 1945
 Fonds

Gold Coast [i.e. Ghana] Castles

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448N
Scope and Contents

A series of photographs of castles.

Dates: 1945
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Inauguration of the University of Ghana 25th November 1961

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y30448F
Scope and Contents

An album of photographs, mostly measuring about 140 x 105 mm., bound in leather with the title on the front cover. The University was created by an Act of 22 August 1961 from the former University College of the Gold Coast, founded 1948, which had become the University of Ghana in 1957. Typed captions are stuck under each photograph, which have been used as titles and recorded as found.

Dates: 1961-11-25
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Institute of Education African Collection

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y304E
Scope and Contents

Collection of loose prints. It falls into two groups; 1-97 are a set illustrating a lecture by Professor Max Gluckman on Barotseland, and 98-186 are chiefly British Official photographs illustrating aspects of social, educational and economic progress in West Africa.

Dates: 1945 - 1954
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Institute of Education Collection

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3011U
Scope and Contents A collection of loose prints. The prints are mainly British official photographs representing aspects of development in the colonies and are chiefly 250 x 200 mm. Captions on the reverse, including the names of institutions, have been recorded as found and may include language which is offensive, inaccurate or inappropriate. They have been retained to reflect the context of the collection's creation. The prints fall into subject collections.Nigeria: 1 - 8 Udi Village; 9-20 Ogwofia...
Dates: 1930 - 1949
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Inter-University Council Collection

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3011WW
Scope and Contents A collection of photographs (various dates, sizes and photographers) and slides with a few leaflets, a file of correspondence, and some title cards as described below. The collection appears to have been assembled chiefly for publicity purposes and there is a file of correspondence requesting photographic and other material. Some of the photographs are mounted on cards for display, but the majority are loose prints stored in folders. There are also a few albums. The main subjects are the...
Dates: 1946 - 1986
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
 Fonds

Inter-University Council Slides

 Fonds
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3011KKK
Scope and Contents A collection of coloured slides, 18 of which measure 40 x 40 mm, the remainder 35 mm, all mounted 50 x 50 mm, relating to Commonwealth Universities, with the exception of 33 of non-Commonwealth Universities which were, however, associated with the Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas (IUC). Many, though not all, were taken by Ian Maxwell, formerly Deputy Director of IUC. Though some have minimal identification, others have substantial annotations on the mounts. ...
Dates: 1946 - 1991
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

Filtered By

  • Subject: Ghana (nation) X

Filter Results

Additional filters:

ARCHON code (for CUL materials)
Royal Commonwealth Soc. (GBR/0115) 54
Archives and MSS Dept. (GBR/0012) 1
 
Subject
Africa (continent) 53
Nigeria (nation) 26
Sierra Leone (nation) 16
Asia (continent) 13
Europe (continent) 12
∨ more
North and Central America (continent) 12
Uganda (nation) 12
Kenya (nation) 9
Oceania (continent) 9
Tanzania (nation) 9
Zambia (nation) 9
Lesotho (nation) 8
China (nation) 7
India (nation) 7
Jamaica (nation) 7
Malawi (nation) 7
Malaysia (nation) 7
South America (continent) 7
United Kingdom (nation) 7
West Indies (archipelago) 7
Greater Antilles (island group) 6
Sri Lanka (nation) 6
Trinidad and Tobago (nation) 6
Zimbabwe (nation) 6
Botswana (nation) 5
Congo (nation) 5
England (country) 5
Fiji (nation) 5
Great Britain (island) 5
Guyana (nation) 5
Hong Kong (administrative region) 5
New Zealand (nation) 5
Papua New Guinea (nation) 5
Sudan (nation) 5
Australia (nation) 4
Bangladesh (nation) 4
Barbados (nation) 4
Canada (nation) 4
Gambia (nation) 4
Lesser Antilles (island group) 4
Singapore (inhabited place) 4
South Africa (nation) 4
Swaziland (nation) 4
United States (nation) 4
Accra (inhabited place) 3
Ashanti (region) 3
British Isles (island group) 3
Brunei (nation) 3
Dominica (nation) 3
Ethiopia (nation) 3
France (nation) 3
Leeward Islands (island group) 3
Liberia (nation) 3
Malay Archipelago (general region) 3
Malta (nation) 3
Mauritius (nation) 3
Pakistan (nation) 3
Singapore (nation) 3
Spain (nation) 3
Angola (nation) 2
Anthropology 2
Antigua (island) 2
Bahama Islands (island group) 2
Barbados (island) 2
Belize (nation) 2
Benin (nation) 2
Bermuda (dependent state) 2
Cameroon (nation) 2
Cyprus (nation) 2
Egypt (nation) 2
Eritrea (nation) 2
Falkland Islands (dependent state) 2
Grenada (island) 2
Indonesia (nation) 2
Japan (nation) 2
Kumasi (inhabited place) 2
Malay Peninsula (peninsula) 2
Nepal (nation) 2
New Guinea (island) 2
Norway (nation) 2
Rhodesia (region (general)) 2
Saint Helena (dependent state) 2
Saint Lucia (nation) 2
Scotland (country) 2
Seychelles (nation) 2
Solomon Islands (nation) 2
Somalia (nation) 2
Togo (nation) 2
Tonga (nation) 2
Vanuatu (nation) 2
Access to education 1
Adan (governate) 1
Adan (inhabited place) 1
Aerial navigation 1
Anti-colonialism 1
Antigua and Barbuda (nation) 1
Archaeological museums 1
Archaeological research 1
Archaeologists 1
+ ∧ less
 
Language
French 2
 
Names
Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Central Office of Information 3
Cansdale, George Soper, 1909 2
Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ministry of Information. West African Photographic Service 2
Royal Commonwealth Society 2
Smyly, Sir (Philip Crampton, 1866-1953, Knight and colonial administrator) 2
∨ more
Tengely, Philip Louis, 1875 2
Bell, Sir (Henry Hesketh Joudou, 1864-1952, Knight, colonial governor) 1
Canham, Peter Holmes, 1914 - 1984 (colonial administrator) 1
Christy, Cuthbert, 1863 - 1932 (explorer and zoologist) 1
Clifford, Elizabeth Lydia Rosabelle, 1945 1
Clifford, Sir (Hugh, 1866-1941, Knight, colonial governor) 1
Field, Margaret Joyce, fl1937 - 1971 (anthropologist) 1
Hall, Wynyard Montagu, 1870 - 1949 (Major) 1
Himbury, Sir William Henry, 1871-1955 (Knight, chairman of British Cotton Growing Association) 1
Hinde, Hildegarde Beatrice, 1959 (née Ginsburg) 1
Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas 1
Jones, Theodora Eyton (c 1890-1975) 1
Joselin, Frank E, fl1930 - 1947 1
Macfie, John William Scott, 1879 - 1948 (doctor) 1
Maxwell, Ian, 1991 1
Morley, John, 1914 1
Roberts, Penelope 'Pepe', Dr, 1943-2015 (educationalist and anthropologist) 1
Robinson, Kenneth Ernest, 1914 1
Rudwick, Alan, fl1965 - 1977 (headmaster of Achimota College) 1
Shaw, Charles Thurstan, 1914-2013 (archaeologist) 1
Simpson, F L, fl1953 - 1954 1
Smedley, Harold, Sir, 1920 - 2004 (Knight, diplomat) 1
Smith Shaw, Pamela Jane, fl 1994- (historian) 1
Smith, James Carmichael, 1852 - 1919 1
Smith, R Graves, fl. 1916 1
Tyers, Sydney, fl1863 - 1896 (Lieutenant Colonel) 1
Wallace, William Thomas Ewart, 1867 1
Weston, Elsie May, 1988 (nurse) 1
Wilkinson, Dorothy Grace, 1904 - 1992 (nee Stubbings, teacher) 1
Willcocks, Sir (James, 1857-1926, Knight, General) 1
Winlaw, A W E, fl1954 - 1959 1
+ ∧ less